Introduction To Ciattion

                                                                     Introduction To Citations

CITATION & DOCUMENTING INFORMATION SOURCES

(REFERNCE LIST)

Learning objectives:

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

•       Practice and used the proper citation in their assignments/projects

•       Familiarize with different kind of citations

References :

•       A reference list is a list of books, articles and other sources you use when researching a topic and writing a paper.

•        It us used in Academic study

•       The reference list should appear at the end of your paper

•       It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list

WHEN we WILL WRITE THE REFERENCE LIST?

•       When writing a paper

•       When writing biography

•       When presenting new information in a study

WHY REFERENCING/ BIBLIOGRAPHY IS IMPORTANT?

•       Inform the reader how widely you researched

•       Keep Track of the research (allow you to create the small database of information)

•       Give credit to original author

Bibliography entries/ Reference List must be written in a very specific format

 

 

 

REFERENCING STYLE: APA

•       American Psychological Association

•       Style established in 1928 by Social Science professionals

•       Style provides guidelines for publication.

 

How to format reference list in APA style?

We must follow specific formatting rules depending on the type of source involved

 

                                   General Guidelines

 

 

 

 

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Search strategies basics (go on) Truncation and Wildcards

Truncation and Wildcards

 

Truncation and wildcards broaden your search capabilities by allowing you to retrieve multiple spellings of a root word or word stem, such as singular and plural forms.

A wildcard is a special character, such as an asterisk (*), question mark (?), or pound sign (#), that replaces one or more letters in a word. Truncation is using a wildcard at the end of a root word to search multiple variations of that root word. Check a database's help section to identify what symbol is used for a wildcard

 

Example of Truncation:

•       Expands the search to locate all words beginning with the same root.

•       Example: teen* will return teen, teens, teenage, teenager, etc.)

 

Example of A Wildcard

·         A Wildcard is used in the middle of a word to match usually known variants of a term. A wildcard usually represents a single character,

·         Example: wom?n will return woman, women, and womyn.

 

The next day Mr azamuddin did teach us about phrase searching in class and we did

 few exercise on it and he showed us with the help of his computer how to enter search phrase in starting to find information.

                                                Phrase Searching

 

•       Phrase searching is when you use a string of words (instead of a single word) to search with.

•       You might be looking for information on information literacy. Each one of these words has a different meaning when standing alone and will retrieve many irrelevant documents, but when you put them together the meaning changes to the very precise concept of “information literacy". For the database to understand your search, you should put your phrase between brackets ( ) or inverted commas ". Type your search as follows:

•       “information literacy" or
(information literacy)

•       Some databases will use the inverted commas and others the brackets. Look at the "Help" function of each database to see what you should use for that particular database.

•       Not all databases allow phrase searching. Look at the "Help" function of the database to find out.

•       Some databases will use the inverted commas and others the brackets. Look at the "Help" function of each database to see what you should use for that particular database.

•       Not all databases allow phrase searching. Look at the "Help" function of the database to find out.

•       By using phrase searching you will retrieve fewer results!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



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Search Strategies Basics and Boolean Search Basics

Search Strategies Basics

 

In this class Mr Azamuddin taught us about search capabilities and so on,, so we did some exercise on it and He showed us how to search information online effectively

so There are: brainstorming search terms, and Keywords in order to get information and find closely on internet

 

Examples of subject headings are:

•       Library Subject Headings: Used as the "official vocabulary" of the Libraries catalog as well as many other library catalogs

•       Science Subject Headings: Used to describe the content of documents in the Library at AIU as well as in catalogs other medical and health sciences libraries.

•       Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms: This controlled vocabulary is used by American Psychological Association indexers to describe the content of documents in the database.  These subject headings are sometimes called index terms or descriptors.  The library has copies of the printed volume and the thesaurus is also available online, searchable from within the database.

The following day , we were taught about one of well known search operator which is called BOOLEAN search operator

It is :

 

 

(named for George Boole, 1815-1864, a mathematician) - combining terms such as AND, OR, and NOT used in building a search statement or in putting several sets together.

 

Boolean operators are words that connect a search that may add or subtract a concept to your search. Boolean searching is the most common and basic search strategy.It allows you to expand (return more information or matches) a search by using OR or limit (return less information) a search by using the word AND. Most of the search engines on the World Wide Web allow you to use some form of boolean searching. The following list explains the basic boolean search strategies

 

Boolean Operator or Keywords

Boolean searching allows you to group words together in an electronic database or environment such as the World Wide Web to receive a number of different types of results. Depending how you group these word, you will receive different results.

 

 

 

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Describe appropriate tools and search strategies to find information

Describe appropriate tools and search strategies to find information     

 

It consists of 3 main factors which is Primary, Secondary and Tertiary  sources which are I am going to talk about below.

Primary sources are:

• Contemporary Accounts of an event written by the person who witnessed or experienced it. 
   

   
• Original Documents, Unpublished – not about another document or account
  
  
• Published works - as long as they are written soon after the fact and not as historical accounts

 

 

•         A primary source is an original object or document, first-hand information.

•         Primary source is material written or produced in the time period that you may be investigating.

•         Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period.   

Primary sources include: Diaries letters, moirés, journals, speeches, manuscripts, statistical data

interviews, photographs, audio or video recordings, research reports (natural or social sciences) and original literary or theatrical works.

 

Secondary sources are:

 

•         A secondary source is something written about a primary source.

•         Secondary sources are written "after the fact" - that is, at a later date.

•         Usually the author of a secondary source will have studied the primary sources of an historical period or event and will then interpret the "evidence" found in these sources.

You can think of secondary sources as second-hand information

•         Secondary source materials can be articles in newspapers, magazines, books or articles found that evaluate or criticize someone else's original research

Secondary sources also:

•         Interpret primary sources - at least one step removed from the event or phenomenon under review

•         Examination of studies that other researchers have made of a subject

•         Second Hand - conveys the experiences and opinions of others

Examples for secondary sources are usually in the form of published works, journal article, books, radio and TV documentaries.

And at the end of the class we learnt that in order to make difference between primary and secondary sources and give some questions to ourselves, there are:

ü  How does the author know these details?

ü   Was the author present at the event or soon on the scene?

ü  Where does this information come from—personal experience,  eyewitness accounts, or reports written by others?

ü  Are the author's conclusions based on a single piece of evidence, or have many sources been taken into account?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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INFORMATION LITERACY PROCESS: BIG 6

          In this week we had been taught about Big 6 model. 

•  Big6 is a six-stage process to help anyone solve problems or make decisions by using information
•  It is also a Transformational process in which the leaner needs to find, understand, evaluate and use information in various forms to create for personal, social or global purposes. 

 

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